The National Ex-Prisoner of War Association
Autumn 2008 Newsletter
AUTUMN 2008 NEWSLETTER
ASSOCIATION NEWS by Les Allan, President
Contact details; 99 Parlaunt Road, Langley, Berkshire SL3 8BE.
Tel/Fax 01753-818308.
Greetings to all members. I am pleased to report that I am back in the saddle, or rather back at my desk, following my recent spell of illness. I would like to thank the staff at Wexham Park hospital in Berkshire for the care and attention that they lavished on me during my stay and also the friends and members of the association who sent their best wishes. I hope some of you will be coming along to the reunion in October and look forward to swopping a few yarns with you at the bar.
The members of the committee and I are about to depart for our annual pilgrimage to Belgium and a report on the pilgrimage and the reunion will appear in the Winter Newsletter. A platoon of serving soldiers from the Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers will be joining our parade in Belgium and a good time should be had by all. The REME have supported our memorial projects in both Fallingbostel and at the National Arboretum and we have a soft spot for them. Just before demob I was transferred to the REME and our historian Phil spent eight years as a REME NCO between 1972-1980.
On a more serious note, just as the modern day soldier has supported us, we would like to do our bit to support them. As you may know the Parachute Regiment and other British units have been deployed to Helmand province in Afghanistan and have suffered over a hundred fatalities, including Private Daniel Gamble (pictured below) from East Sussex, as well as his mates Private Nathan Cuthbertson and Private Charles David Murray who died on 8th June in a suicide bomb attack. Daniels family are organising a project to send boxes of ‘goodies’ out to the lads in Afghanistan to supplement their field rations and to make life a bit easier for them. Members may recall that we did the same thing during the Gulf War. At one time or other most of our older members have been grateful for the arrival of packages from home and we fully support the efforts of Daniels family. If you would like to donate a few quid to help fill the packages being sent out to Afghanistan please make a cheque out to P Gamble and send it to P Gamble, 15 Piltdown Rise, Uckfield, TN22 1UH. All donations whether large or small will be welcome.
HISTORIANS NEWS by Phil Chinnery.
Contact details – 59 Pinkwell Lane, Hayes, Middesex UB3 1PJ. Email NEXPOWA@fsmail.net
RETURN TO STALAG 4F HARTMANSDORF
Member Phil Knott and his wife Sarah recently traveled to Dresden to visit the mine where his father worked while he was a prisoner of war. If any reader would like to contact Phil or obtain a copy of his fathers diary, please contact Phil Chinnery address above.
“My father Gilbert Knott who served in the Royal Tank Regiment was captured at Tobruk on 21 June 1942; from this day until he arrived home in May 1945 he kept a diary. Unlike other POWs he would often talk about the war, but as a youngster I didn’t show much interest until it was too late. I always knew his diary existed but only started to read it many years after his death. Thanks to the wonders of the internet, the names, dates and places my father wrote about came to life and I realised I could visit those places that had changed his life forever. His capture led him to camps PG85 Tuturano and PG70 Monturano in Italy and then on to Germany with brief stays at Zeithain and Stalag IVB Muhlburg and then finally to working detachment No. 57 of Stalag IVF Hartmannsdorf until the war ended.
“One of the few things I did remember him talking about was his time working in a lead mine. The diary mentioned Freiberg just to the west of Dresden and then in another document written many years later he mentioned the Himmelfahrt Fundgrube mine complex. Piecing all this together then searching the Internet I found the mine and unbelievably it still exists as a visitors centre. Thinking I would eventually visit one day, a few more years went by, until my wife presented me with 5 day trip to Dresden for my 50th birthday and we were leaving in 6 weeks!
“We arrived in Dresden on 28 June 2008, a Saturday afternoon in beautiful sunshine. The Sunday was taken up sight seeing in Dresden, with a visit to the famous Frauenkirch with its panoramic views. Despite the damage done during the war it really is a beautiful city and it’s people are extremely friendly. On Monday we jumped in the hire car and made our way out of the city, north-west passing Meissen and onwards to the Zeithain transit camp where he was for 3 weeks in 1943. The site is now mainly a memorial to the tens of thousands of Russian prisoners who were left to die in appalling conditions in 1941/1942. There is a restored wooden POW hut and a small visitors/ research centre. I handed over a copy of the diary only to be told that the researcher, Jens Nagel was in Dresden for the day! We spoke on the phone and were kindly invited back on the Wednesday. We then traveled 10 km further north to Stalag IVB Muhlberg where my father was for a week before being sent to Freiberg. Little remains today with trees covering much of it, but there are several guard towers and markers indicating the layout of the camp. The Russians took the camp over in 1945 to intern Germans. A cemetery, featuring a tall black cross as a memorial, contained many graves, mainly Germans dating from 1945 to 1948.
Phil and Sarah touring the mine where his father worked whilst a prisoner of war.
“Tuesday arrived and we made our way to the Himmelfahrt Fundgrube mine complex in Freiberg just 37 km away. I had contacted the mine before our visit and they had very kindly organized a guide, Andreas Wenger. He had arranged for several visits from the local press and a meeting with a schoolteacher. Firstly a photographer from the ‘Freie Presse’ took our picture as we prepared to enter the cage. We descended 150 metres down the Reiche Zeche shaft and spent 90 minutes experiencing some of the working conditions. I believe the lower parts where my father would have worked are now flooded.
“During lunch we were interviewed; it came as a complete surprise to the journalist that POWs worked at the mine. We toured Freiberg and then met a freelance journalist, she was particularly interested in several photographs my father had taken, including some of a family who had given him and fellow POWs shelter at the end of the war. The photos were to be published in the local newspaper ‘Blick’ to see if anyone in Freiberg recognized them. Unfortunately the schoolteacher we were due to meet could not make it. She was to have shown us the mine archive held in the town as the local school had just completed a project about the Jews who were forced to work at the mine and the POW story might be another angle for them to research.
“Wednesday was a return visit to Zeithain where we spoke to Jens Nagel at length.
I discovered diaries were strictly prohibited and because of the number of searches my father must have had, it was hidden extremely well. Finally Jens took us to the railway station at Jacobsthal where my father and thousands of other POWs were off-loaded, it served both Muhlberg and Zeithain camps. We were blessed by sun, lovely sights and above all great hospitality. We have already talked about a return visit to Freiberg as there is still much to see. I, unlike many others know much about my father’s time as a POW and my greatest hope now is that this story could help someone else discover more about their own father’s experiences.
“One of the surprising things of the visit is that they did not know POWs worked in the mine, I hope our visit may have opened their eyes a little especially if the school does a project. The local school has just finished a project on the Jews and they could do one on the diary and use the mine archives.
“One of the reporters asked if my father showed any remorse over the bombing of Dresden. I think he was fishing for an apology and a headline. He didn't get one! I have just read a book "Dresden" by Frederick Taylor where the number of dead is now accepted as 30,000-35,000. In the early 50's it made good propaganda for the Russians to dramatically over inflate the figures up to 200,000. I asked Jens Nagel what people now think of the bombing. He replied it was bad but loads of other bad things also happened but those high figures stick in people's memory and get passed onto new generations. Perhaps that is why the young reporter asked the question he did.
“As an up date: Andreas Wenger from the mine is continuing to do research on my behalf. I understand that Herta (in one of the photographs I have) has been found in America along with her son who became a nuclear physicist but I have no more details at the moment. Andreas is speaking to an 81 year old teacher who remembers Willy Marquardt's house (my father stayed here for several days with some other POWs from the mine). He also seems to know the location of the actual barracks. He thinks he has identified the area where some of the photographs were taken. More news will follow.”
Above - Rear view of Jacobstahl railway station, where Phil Knotts father and thousands of other POWs were off-loaded, it served both Muhlberg and Zeithain camps.
OBERMASSFELD.
Bert Martin wrote in to say; “Dear Phil, it gave me some added pleasure to receive the Summer issue of the Ex- P of W News letter even though it bore the news of Les Allen’s spell in hospital. Two long-lasting amputees of the Dunkirk era who spent time at Obermassfeld Lazaret, and with whom I have maintained a tenuous contact down through the years, are no longer contactable over the phone, and there has been no news of them otherwise. Bill Barrett and ‘Wingy’ Saddler. Very few of the many Medic personnel who passed through the place and I know of, still survive. It makes me very conscience of my mortality if the old creaking body does not constantly remind me how aged I have become! Your assurance that there is still life in the Association gives me a good measure of satisfaction and I thank you. In the Autumn edition of the News Letter last year you spoke of having a collection of Red Cross reports on most camps and I would dearly like to have any relating to Obermassfeld Lazaret (Kommando 1249, Stalag 1XC).
“There are a number of points which spring to mind in this connection from time to time. As I recall only the Medical Officers had direct access to the Repatriation Commission when they visited the place and whilst there were some improvements ostensibly due to their recommendations (not always sustainable), we ‘foot-soldiers’ were ignorant as to what took place apart from when decisions were made concerning those patients eligible for repatriation. Staff who, as ‘Protected Personnel’ were all entitled under the Geneva Convention for inclusion, sometimes were and sometimes not. A small number had the potentially stressful experience of seeing at least four groups of patients and colleagues depart for home from Obermassfeld, plus those who went and then returned from the Rouen debacle in 1941, and did the five year stint ‘behind the wire’ in consequence.
“The criteria for selection of staff was never revealed to us and one heard post-war of strange things taking place, like one who was working in an office at some lazaret and added his own name to the list being drawn up and made it home. Another had found favour, it seemed, with the German hierarchy by working with some early enemy prisoners, prior to our own capture and was added to the number on orders of the Wehrmacht, given his own guard to trail behind all those already on their way, and must have caused some consternation at the British end as to how he was there. He safely made it back! Some useful information might be derived from the reports on such things. I have also often wondered what recognition was given to the work of Major John Sherman.
He worked as the Company Medical Officer at the Cadbury’s establishment at Bourneville yet undertook the skill of skin-grafting on the many British and American Air Force burn cases who came through Obermassfeld. Surely the Red Cross Commission noted this, as many men were saved a measure of disfigurement and restrictive contractions which they would have otherwise suffered.” Note from editor; we have sent Bert a copy of a report on Obermassfeld. If you were also there and would like a copy please drop a line to Phil Chinnery.
WHERE ARE THEY NOW?
If you can assist with information please contact the advertiser direct or via Phil Chinnery, address in Historians section.
Mr Leslie Turner, Glebe Rise, Main Street, Birdingbury, Rugby, CV23 8EL is looking for information about his late father RSM Frederick Thomas Turner of the 2nd Battalion, Royal Warwicks who was captured near Wormhoudt in 1940. It is believed that he spent most of his time in Stalag 8B. If you knew the RSM please drop Leslie a line.
Further to the Italian war diary article which appeared in the last newsletter. We would like to trace any of the men listed below, whose names appeared in the POW notebook of Gnr-Sig David John Jenkins, 1942-45 former resident of Campo 54 Fara Sabina, Italy.
Edwin Palmer, 3 Success Cottages, Philadelphia, Co. Durham
James McLaughlin, 25 School Street, Dawdon, Seaham, Co, Durham
Len Lewis, Jones Street, Blaenclydach, Rhondda Valley, Glamorgan
R Pierce-Roberts, 2 Bodhyfryd, Flint, North Wales
Ivor Williams & Ossie, 14 Station Street, Penygraig, Rhondda Valley
Harry Hughes, 10 Cairo Street, Trealaw, Rhondda
Ben Davies, 48 Phillip Street, Graig, Pontypridd, Rhondda
C. W. Churchill, 19 Prospect Estate, Osgodby Lane, Scarborough, Yorks
W. Hopper, C/o Mrs Pauline, 9 Scholes Park Avenue, Scarborough, Yorks
Harry F Turner, (Old comrade, RHA D Bty), 11 Blagdon Road, Whitley Estate, Reading, Berkshire.
H, Williams. 18 North Road, Pontypool, Mon.
Jack Armstrong, old Woolwich comrade, 5/18 Squad. 4 Decoy Street, Warrenby, Redcar, Yorkshire.L. C. Davidson Snr, 23 M.Q. Robinson Central, Crown Mines, Johannesburg, Transvaal,
South Africa.Amos Davies, 80 Corstorphini Road, Caversham, Dunedin, New Zealand
George Kitchener Evans, 7 Chapel Square, , Aberdovey, West Wales
S. Rowlands, 17 Holly-bush Terrace, Nre Treharris, Glam., South Wales
Jamie James, 16 Wern Street, Tonypandy, Rhondda, South Wales
C. Whitehouse, ”Mavis Ville”, 110 Moreton Road, Bushbury, Wolverhampton
C. Thickett, 5 Dronfield Road, Eckington, Sheffield, Yorkshire.
Charles Domville, 3 Bongate, Ripon, Yorkshire.
R. Davies, 9 Tanydarren, Ynysmydw, Swansea, S. WalesSydney Kenny, 663 Garngad Road, Germiston, Glasgow N, Scotland
R. G. Blowers, 98 New Cut West, Ipswich, Suffolk
Douglas E. Hatton, 39 Colenso Road, Seven Kings, Essex
Samuel John Potter, 16 Alnwick Close, Highbury Vale Estate, Bulwell, Notts.
Robert Croxford, 10 Springfield Road, Linslade, Leighton Buzzard, Bedfordshire
Herbert K. Walker, 2 Hungate, Bromton-by-Sawdon, Scarborough, Yorkshire
Ernest Atkinson, 7 Aberdeen Walk, Leeds 12, YorkshireWilliam Greig, 124 Glasgow Road, Baillieston, Lanarkshire
Walter Thompson, 39 Denton View, Blaydon-on-Tyne, Northumberland
Arthur Brailsford, 18 Ratcliffe Road, Sheffield 11, Yorkshire
D. C. Paine, 4 Thornburn Terrace, East London, South Africa
N. E. Shamley, Waterford Hotel, Uitenhage, Cape Province, South Africa.
J. Brown, 28 Fairbank Street, East Road,, London N.1
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My name is Sonia Residori. I am an Italian researcher of ‘Istituto storico per lo studio della resistenza e l’età contemporanea “Ettore Gallo”’ of Vicenza, Italy. I study the war crimes committed in Italy by Germans and Fascists during the 2nd World War. I have published recently: “Il massacro del Grappa”. The military operation lasted two days on the 20 and 21 September 1944, when 200 people were slaughtered; partisans, civilians and allied soldiers. Afterwards the Nazis had taken every recognition document from the allied soldiers killed and tried to destroy their bodies. Since their names were unknown, in their memory a tombstone was placed with the inscription “18 unknown”. Now, however, through research at the National Archives (UK) I have learned the names of 12 South African soldiers, 2 English soldiers and 1 Indian soldier killed at Carpanè (Bassano del Grappa). The Mayor of Carpanè wants to carve their names on a memorial tombstone and I would like to publish a study on the war crime. Please can you tell me if someone is able to give me information on the murdered allied POWs? The men were killed on 27th September 1944 and are now buried in Padua War Cemetery. Editors note; If any of our South African members can help,
please contact Phil Chinnery.
CHAMBERS, ARTHUR GEOFFREY Bombardier 896294, 26 Royal Horse Artillery, UK.
BUSH, FRANK Bombardier 892611, 24 Royal Horse Artillery, United Kingdom.
MIRAMAT SHAH, Indian Army.
SMITH, Alexander Mather Corporal 31542, 25 Imperial Light Horse, S.A. Forces.
DUNNE, W.G. Corporal 141638, 27 South African Engineer Corps, South African
KINNEAR, R.S. Gunner 53513, 27 South African Artillery, South African
KINNEAR, W.J. Private 27529, 29 Transvaal Scottish, S.A. Forces South African
BUYS, S. Signaller 117010, South African Corps of Signals, South African
KING, Cecil Newton Lance Corporal 12225, Die Middelandse Regiment, S.A. Forces.
CHAMBERS, F E Private 93978, 24 Natal Mounted Rifles, S.A. Forces South African
CRONJE, L.N. Lance Bombardier 105306, 21 South African Artillery, South African
FLACK, B.R. Gunner 144020V, 32 South African Artillery, South African
HORNE, C.H. Sapper 190705, 38 South African Engineer Corps, South African
WHEELWRIGHT, D.D. Corporal 11607, 41 Kaffrarian Rifles, S.A. Forces South African
BOTES, A. Private 28077, Rand Light Infantry, S.A. Forces South African
ALSO -
BAILLIE DAVIDE Cpl. 195499 Killed 24/9/1944 South African
FOURIE J.L.S. Private 195498 Killed 24/9/1944 South African
GEAR MUNSIFF DAR Indian Army, 411 brigade. Lelpor Punjab, India
GOETSCH S.A. Rfn. 11561 killed 23/9/1944 South African
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Andrew May, 28 Ashbrooke, Whitley Bay, Tyne and Wear, NE25 8EG would like to hear from anyone who knew Private Rodney Albert Hall of the South Staffordshire Regiment who was a resident of Stalag 12A Limburg.
Roy Cardus, 22 Hanover Court, Mostyn Broadway, Llandudno, LL30 1TP is trying to trace any ex-members of the HMS Bedouin destroyer reunion association. They used to hold annual reunions in June each year, organized by Alfred Baxter who was the coxswain on the ship when she was sunk during the Harpoon Convoy to Malta in June 1942. Roys late brother George was a telegraphist on the Bedouin and spent three years as a POW in Italy, Poland and finally a few weeks in Stalag 383. One of his comrades was Leslie Gardner who managed to escape from a train in Italy while on its way to Germany in 1943.
Mrs Sheila Perry, 174 Canterbury Road, Newton Hall, Durham, DH1 5NF would like to hear from anyone who may have known her late father Joseph William O’Brien, who was a resident of Stalag 9C from 11 June 1940 until liberated by the Americans in 1945. He was a Lance Sergeant in the Royal Artillery and fell in the bag at St Valery.
Photo above sent in by member Adam Lindsay, who believes that this funeral of an Australian soldier took place at Stalag 383 around 1943-44 and that the fellow with the black moustache is Sergeant Major David McKenzie who was Man of Confidence at Stalag 383. Standing next to him is an Australian Sergeant Major, McLennan possibly. Note the rifles of the German Guard of Honour in the background. Does anyone recall the funeral or the Sergeant Majors?
POLITICS American style. We don’t often mention politics on these pages, but we have received an interesting article from our friends across the Atlantic and it is worthy of inclusion. Lynn O'Shea, the Director of Research for the American National Alliance of Families for the Return of America's Missing Servicemen, sent in this piece by John LeBoutillier about Presidential hopeful John McCain, who spent five years as a prisoner of war in North Vietnam.
“John McCain has every right to play the POW card. Five and a half years in various North Vietnamese POW camps is a major part of Johns life, and if he chooses now to bring it up on the campaign trail, and to highlight it in his convention speech, who can deny him the right? Lately, the media has been getting on him over this. Back in the 2000 campaign he would discuss his Vietnam years. Now, since Steve Schmidt, a former Karl Rove deputy, has taken over, suddenly both the campaign and McCain himself invoke his POW past in virtually every setting from fielding questions from Jay Leno to answering questions about how many houses he owns. Clearly, Schmidt knows that McCains distinguished military record is an invaluable asset, especially in a campaign during wartime against someone who never wore the uniform.
“The GOPs use of McCains fellow former POWs in St. Paul was masterfully done. They were a part of each speech and added much to flesh out the inspirational story of McCains imprisonment. But McCain has opened the door to something he may not want to brag about: the U.S. Senates dealings with the issue of living U.S. POWs left behind at the end of the Vietnam War. On this issue McCain and his campaign spokesmen remain silent. And for good reason. As detailed in "An Enormous Crime: The Definitive Account of American POWs Abandoned in Southeast Asia," by former U.S. Rep Bill Hendon and Elizabeth Stewart (Thomas Dunne Books/St. Martins Press), a 2007 New York Times best seller, many U.S. government officials, Republican and Democrat, have ignored this emotional issue.
“To keep it simple: McCain and others on the U.S. Senate Select Committee on POWs in 1991-1992 failed to acknowledge evidence brought to them from the DIA, the CIA, and other USG intelligence agencies. This evidence showed that U.S. POWs in 1992, 19 years after McCain and his group of POWs came home, were still laying down their names and "escape and evasion" codes in rice paddies and trails and fields adjacent to their prisons. These authenticator codes, unique to each U.S. airman shot down (similar to a bank PIN code and feature a combination of letters and numbers.) McCain was shown aerial and satellite images of these signals, which basically mean, I am alive! Please come and get me! In his convention speech last night Senator McCain was repeatedly interrupted with shouts of USA! USA! USA! Well, one of the most startling escape and evasion codes captured by an American satellite in 1988 was a gigantic USA with a letter K (known as a "walking K") underneath it, placed by a downed American pilot in Laos 15 years after the end of the Vietnam War. This photograph is on the cover of "An Enormous Crime." McCain was also shown transcripts of intercepted Laotian military radio transmissions in which communist Pathet Lao soldiers discuss the movement of American prisoners. And he was shown over 900 first-hand, live-sighting reports of U.S. POWs held against their will in both Laos and Vietnam. Did McCain, a decorated and heroic former POW, jump up and use his clout and status to demand that everything possible be done to rescue these men? No. Instead he played politics to help an embattled President George H.W. Bush try to defeat Ross Perot, a strong POW advocate, and Bill Clinton. In effect, McCain the so-called man of integrity, honor and character who says he always puts country first, abandoned these men to a cruel fate. Their cries for help went unanswered.” [Editor- I have already reviewed the book and suggest that members put it on their Christmas list].
BOOK REVIEW. My Life in Four Continents by Noel Disney. The author Noel Disney would have been one hundred years old this year, but sadly he passed away in 1994, ten years after he wrote his book. He packed a lot of living into his 85 years and six months and this is reflected in the subtitle to the book; ‘Personal reminiscences of my experiences in Malaya before and during the Japanese occupation, and also of my time in England, Kenya and Australia’. Noel was working on a rubber plantation in Malaya when the Japanese invaded and managed to see his family aboard the last ship out of Singapore before General Percival surrendered. As a serving member of the Malayan Volunteer Force Noel fell in the bag and soon found himself sharing a barracks in Changi jail with 800 others, in a building meant to take 48 men. He was soon sent to Blakang Mati island, just off Singapore where he worked at the docks until he was struck with amoebic dysentery and sent back to Changi for treatment. This move probably saved his life as his comrades were sent to work on the notorious Burma Railway and many of them died there. After the war Noel and his family tried farming in Kenya before settling in Australia, where they enjoyed life with their children and grandchildren. It was Noels son Anthony who arranged for his fathers experiences to be finally published this year. 184 pages in softcover, with illustrations. ISBN No 978 0 9805012 0 9. Available from Anthony Disney, 454 Reynolds Road, Research, Victoria 3095, Australia. Email adisney@bluep.com
BOOK REVIEW. Name, Rank and Number by Robert W Calvey. This book was first published by The Book Guild in 1998, but we have just discovered that our member Robert Calvey still has a few copies and we would like to give our members the opportunity to lay their hands on one. Robert was a member of 46 Reconnaissance Corps when he landed at Salerno on 9th September 1943. His patrol was ambushed one night and he found himself a prisoner of war, along with 900 others, in Fara in Sabina camp. He was only there for a month when the entire camp was assembled and marched to the railway station where they were locked 45 at a time in cattle trucks. As the train rumbled out of the station and across the L’Aquila viaduct Allied bombers arrived, intent on destroying the viaduct. Explosions rocked the train and a hole was torn in the roof of the truck. As Robert scrambled through he found himself on the edge of a 150 foot drop. The train and the first half dozen trucks lay smashed at the bottom of the viaduct and his truck was perched perilously on the very edge. He made his way back along the sides of the remaining trucks, jumped down and ran for it, with German bullets whistling around him.
Eventually Robert is recaptured and sent to Stalag IIA in Germany where he settles in to POW life, learning how to build blowers to heat food and water out of empty Klim (milk) tins. On D-Day 6th June 1944 he leaves for arbeits commando 544/9, a furniture factory outside Magdeburg, where the 60 prisoners have their trousers and boots confiscated every night to prevent escape. Again fate takes a hand and Robert and his comrades avoid death as the camp is destroyed in a bombing raid on the nearby city. Much of his tale will be familiar to members; the pain and ridicule of de-lousing; bartering cigarettes for bread; acts of sabotage and supplementing ones rations by any means whenever possible. His last weeks as a prisoner of war are spent working in the ruins of Magdeburg before their liberation by the Americans and long-awaited return home to Blighty. Available in Hardcover, 112 pages. ISBN No 1-85776-207-X.
Copies can be obtained direct from Mr R W Calvey, 107 Mixes Hill Court, Stopsley, Luton, Beds LU2 7TX phone 01582-758090. Cost £15.50 each including postage and packing.
OBITUARIES. We regret to report the passing away of members John W C Collins in May and Walter Clasper and Norman Arthur Leonard both in April. We will remember them.
Copyright 2008. The National Ex-Prisoner of War Association.
